Main Information

Anand Krishnan; Biomechanics illuminates form–function relationships in bird bills. J Exp Biol 25 April 2023; 226 (Suppl_1): jeb245171. doi: https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.245171 

Bright JA, Marugán-Lobón J, Cobb SN, Rayfield EJ. The shapes of bird beaks are highly controlled by nondietary factors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2016 May 10;113(19):5352-7. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1602683113. Epub 2016 Apr 28. PMID: 27125856; PMCID: PMC4868483.

David Cuban, Amanda E. Hewes, Alyssa J. Sargent, Derrick J. E. Groom, Alejandro Rico-Guevara; On the feeding biomechanics of nectarivorous birds. J Exp Biol 15 January 2022; 225 (2): jeb243096. doi: https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.243096 

Maja Mielke, Sam Van Wassenbergh; Three-dimensional movement of the beak during seed processing in domestic canaries. J Exp Biol 15 July 2022; 225 (14): jeb244360. doi: https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.244360

van de Ven TM, Martin RO, Vink TJ, McKechnie AE, Cunningham SJ. Regulation of Heat Exchange across the Hornbill Beak: Functional Similarities with Toucans? PLoS One. 2016 May 18;11(5):e0154768. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154768. PMID: 27192218

Map and Population Data

BirdLife International (2026) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org

​